Browsing by Author "Bhagavan, S."
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Item An appraisal of mixed cropping trial on arecanut and cocoa(2007-02-08) Bhagavan, S.; Shama Bhat, K.While evaluating mixed cropping trials with two or more crops it is essential to give due importance to performance of different crops in a system and also the performance of system as a whole. In bivariate analysis of data on arecanut-cocoa mixed crop trial in which spacing-cum-manurial treatments were imposed, it was found that yield per plant was higher when arecanut was spaced at 2.7m x 2.7m and cocoa at 5.4m x 5.4m. However, when both the crops were planted at a spacing of 2.7m x 2.7m, eventhough there was a decrease in yield of individual plants, yield per unit area was significantly higher due to higher population density. The economic evaluation based on gross returns also highlights the efficacy of 2.7m x 2.7m spacing for both the crops with average gross returns to the tune of Rs. 82,830 per hectare.Item Comparative drought tolerance of cacao accessions(2007-02-08) Balasimha, D.; Rajagopal, V.; Daniel, E.V.; Nair, R.V.; Bhagavan, S.Item Estimation of leaf area in one-year-old cardamom plants(2007-02) George, M.V.; Korikanthimath, V.S.; Vijayakumar, K.; Bhagavan, S.The area (P) of any individual leaf of a one-year-old cardamom seedling can be estimated by a linear function P = 0.813B + 0.657 L.B. (R8 = 0.984) where L and B are the length and breadth of the leaf. The total functioning leaf area (Y) of a tiller with n* leaves can be estimated by a linear function Y = -3.168 L + 33.464 n b (R* = 0.976) where n is the total number of functioning leaves in the tiller and L and B are the linear measurements of median leaf. Further, the total functioning leaf area (A) of a whole clump consisting of several tillers can be estimated by a linear function. A = 11.935 L + 22.3 N.B (R8 = 0.979) where N is the total number of leaves in the clump and L and B are the linear measurements of the median leaf of tiller having the maximum number of leaves.Item Field evaluation of forecasting model for cashew yield in large plantations(2007-02) George, M.V.; Amarnath, C.H.; Bhagavan, S.; Vijayakumar, K.A method to forecast the cashew yield from large plantations based on biometrical characters and yield attributes was developed and field tested in the four cashew estates at Muliyar, Periya, Adhur and Perla in Northern Kerala covering an area of about 2100 ha belonging to the Plantation Corporation of Kerala in Kasaragod district and at National Research Centre for Cashew (Experimental Station), Shanthigodu, D. K., Karnataka covering an area of about 40 ha. Tne yield estimates arrived at were found to be reasonably precise with an average deviation of 6.7% ai Kasaragod and 17.9% at Shanthigodu with the actual yield.Item Field evaluation of forecasting model for cashew yield in large plantations(1989-03) George, M.V.; Amarnath, C.H.; Bhagavan, S.; Vijayakumar, K.A method to forecast the cashew yield from large plantations based on biometrical characters and yield attributes was developed and field tested in the four cashew estates at Muliyar, Periya, Adhur and Per la in Northern Kerala covering an area of about 2100 lia belonging to the Plantation Corporation of Kerala in Kasaragod district and at National Research Centre for Cashew (Experimental Station), Shanthigodu, D. K., Karnataka covering an area of about 40 ha. Tne yield estimates arrived at were found to be reasonably precise with an average deviation of 6.7% ai Kasaragod and 17.9% at Shanthigodu with the actual yield.Item Identification of high-yielding trees in cacao (Theobroma cacao)(2007-02) Shama Bhat, K.; Bhagavan, S.; Nair, R.V.Item Impact of seednut selection on heritability, genotypic and phenotypic correlations in arecanut(1985) Bhagavan, S.; Bavappa, K.V.A.; Ramachander, P.R.; Nair, B.P.; Ratnambal, M.J.The heritability studies on the six morphological characters and two yield characters in arecanut were carried out for the data derived from unselected nuts from selected mother palms and selected nuts from selected mother palms in order to see the impact of seednut selection. The yield characters recorded a very low heritability. However, the selection of seednuts increased the heritability from .05 to 0.25 in the case of number of nuts and 0.08 to 0.29 in the case of weight of nuts. The other morphological characters exception height and Bomber of leaves showed increased heritability due to seednut selection. The impact of seed nut selection on yield was further established by the high genotypic and phenotypic correlations for the yield characters with seed weight, seedling girth and age at 1st flowering thereby highlighting the importance of seednut selection.Item Methodology for Cacao Germplasm Evaluation in Areca Cacao Intercropping Experiment with Super-Imposed Treatments(1987) Bhagavan, S.; Shama Bhat, K.; Nair, R.V.A few Malaysian cacao accessions were introduced into India in 1969 with a view to study the possibility of cultivating them in arecanut gardens as an intercrop to enhance per unit area returns. Since cacao is gaining importance in the national economy in recent times, it necessitated identification of superior genotypes with high yield potential. Even though some of these introduced germplasm material showed high yield, as they are growing as an intercrop in an arecanut garden with manurial and spacing treatments, it couldnt be taken as their actual yield potential with certainty. Therefore a methodology has become very much essential to assess their genotypic potential to utilise them in future breeding programme. An attempt is made here to evaluate the eleven germplasm material which are uniformly distributed in a spacing cum manurial trial of areca-cacao intercropping experiment. The experimental data arising out of the model yijk = μ + bi, + Sj + mk + (sm)jk + eyk under the usual assumptions were transformed to satisfy the model yim = μ + Tl + Clm by eliminating the various treatment effects (bi,, Sj, mk, (sm)jk) and separating out the contribution of accessions (TI) which were masked in the residual term eijk. Analysis of this transformed data enabled us to identify Amel x Na33, Landas 357 and Landas 364 as better performers with regard to both number and weight of pods.Item A Non-Destructive Method to Estimate Leaf Area in Cashew Seedlings(2007-02) Bhagavan, S.; Subbaiah, C.C.The area of an individual leaf in a three month old cashew (Anacardium ocddentale L.) seedling can be estimated by simple linear functions, leaf area A = —17.194 4 4.607 L using length (L) alone or A = 0.74 + 0.668 P where P is the product of both the linear measurements (L and B). The latter equation is superior with a predictive ability (R2) of 90.73% to the former (R2 = 78.14%). Employing the total number of leaves (N) and the product of linear measurements (L and B) of the median leaf (P med ), another equation is derived to compute the total leaf area (TLA) of the seedling, TLA = 2.63 N1.23 P0.5579 med with R2 as high as 86.71%.Item Normalising Transformations for the Yield of Arecanut(2007-02) Bhagavan, S.The yield data of arecanut was subjected to normality test. The study indicated that the distribution is non-normal and exhibits a pattern similar to poisson population. Square root transformations were attempted and found that √X+3/8‾ transformation for both number of nuts and wet weight of nuts would normalise the variability or distribution.Item Path Analysis in Arecanut ( Areca catechu L )(2007-02) Bhagavan, S.The study on direct and indirect effects of seed weight, days taken for germination, seedling girth, seedling height, number of leaves, time taken for flowering on the yield characters of arecanut by path analysis suggested that the selection of heavy nuts (35 g and above) plays a major role for raising better seedlings resulting in higher yield. The seedling which comes to early flowering (less than 4 and half years) resulted in better yield. The thinner seedlings must substantiate with early flowering for better yields.Item A Rapid Non-Destructive Method of Estimating Leaf Area in Cashew(2007-02) Murthy, K.N.; Vijayakumar, K.; Bhagavan, S.; Chenchu Subbaiah, C.; Kumaran, P.M.A rapid non-destructive method to estimate leaf area in cashew is proposed based on linear measurements of leaf. The exponential model involving maximum length and maximum breadth gave the best prediction equation A = (0.8356) L°.848 B1.08 with R2 as high as 98.92 per cent. Since this model involved cumbersome computation it is preferable to use a linear model A = 0.21 + 0.69 P where P is the product of length and breadth of leaf. This model also has sufficiently high predictability (R2 = 96.81%). Rapidity of this method can be further expedited without loss of predictability (R2 = 89.62%) by taking the linear model A= -44.28 + 14.32 B where breadth alone is taken into consideration in estimating the leaf area.Item A Simple Method to Determine the Surface Area of Areca Fruits (Areca catechu Linn.)(1983) Anandaraj, M.; Bhagavan, S.Item Uniformity Trials: Optimum Size And Shape Of Plots And Blocks In Experiment With Ginger(1984) George, M.V.; Sannamarappa, M.; Bhagavan, S.; Sampath Kumar, S.N.Fairfield Smith’s equation with standard notations Y=ax-g and its generalisation in the form y=ac-g1r-g2 were fitted to the uniformity trial data on ginger conducted at Hirehalli during 1976-77 and 1977-78 where Y is the CV for the plot size x with r rows and c columns, taking the ultimate unit as (i) one row of 5 plants and (ii) number of plants in 1m x 1m bed. Row-wise heterogeneity was higher than column-wise heterogeneity showing thereby that formation of plots with more rows will give more homogeneous blocks for experiments. The cost of experimentation per treatment to estimate the means at 5 per cent CV was worked out under different price situations. Plot size consisting of 3-4 rows of one column m the case of ultimate unit of plants in 1m x 1m bed, and plot size of 6 rows of one column in the case of ultimate unit of one row of 5 plants each, were found to be optimum.Item Vigour Index As An Additional Parameter In Identifying Elite Palms In Arecanut(1989) Bhagavan, S.; Nair, B.P.Multiple regression and path analysis was attempted to study the causal relationship of the yield and ten vigour variables for the local South Kanara variety of arecanut. Palm height, internodal distance at permanent mark and maximum length of leaf sheath showed high correlations and high direct effects, whereas the girth at permanent mark had a high negative direct effect, but its positive correlation with yield was largely due to highly positive indirect effect via palm height, thereby indicating the importance of these four vigour variables in identifying the actual potential elite areca palms. A vigour index is formulated by regressing these four selected variables on the yield and a selection criterion is proposed to select elite areca palms using yield and vigour index.Item Yield and Yield Attributes in Cashew — An Analysis through Multivariate Approach(1991) Bhagavan, S.; Kumaran, P.M.The stepwise regression analysis of ten seed/seedling characters on the not yield of cashew has highlighted the prominence of six characters namely seed length, days taken for germination - seedling height, length and breadth of first leaf and number of opened leaves. Further study on direct and indirect effects of these characters suggested that the selection of long sized nuts (3cms and above) for raising better seedlings resulted hi higher yield. The seedling which germinates early (not more than 20 days) had better yield potential and selection of 45 day old seedlings which has more number of opened leaves (12 leaves or more) preferably with long and narrow first leaf are indicative of high yields.