Browsing by Author "Chempakam, B."

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    Annotated Bibliography of coconut in India 1977-1990
    (1991) Kamalavijayan, D.; Radhakrishnan Nair, C.P.; Chempakam, B.; Govindankutty, M.P.; Das, P.K.
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    Assay of enzymes in coconut cultivars and hybrids under non-stress and stress conditions
    (2007-02-08) Kasturi Bai, K.V.; Rajagopal, V.; Chempakam, B.; Prabha, C.D.
    Coconut palms of three tall varieties (West Coast Tall (WCT), Philippines Ordinary (PO) and Andaman Ordinary (AO), two dwarf varieties (Malayan Yellow Dwarf (MYD) and Gangabondam (GB)) and three hybrids (WCT x Chowghat Orange Dwarf (COD), COD xWCTand WCT x WCT) were assayed for the activities of stress sensitive enzymes viz., acid phosphatase (APH), L-aspartate : 2 Oxoglutarate amino transferase (AOAT), Superoxide dismutase (SOD), Peroxidase (POD) and Polyphenol Oxidase (PPO) during the two distinct stages viz., non-stress (September / October) and Stress (February / March) of 1989 and 1990. In general, there was stress-induced increase or decrease in the activity of enzymes among the cultivars/hybrids, based on which they were ranked. The cultivar/hybrid with higher activities of SOD and POD and lower activities of PPO, APH and AOAT could be designated as drought tolerant. Accordingly, the order of tolerance was found to be WCT x WCT > WCT > PO = WCT x COfr > AO > GB = COD x WCT > MYD.
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    Biochemical changes during storage of arecanut [Areca catechu L.)
    (2007-02-08) Chempakam, B.; Saraswathy, N.
    Changes in biochemical constituents during storage of arecanuts were studied. Protein, fat, phenols, sugars and arecoline contents decreased significantly during storage. When whole dried nuts with husk were stored for one year, the contents of protein, fat, total phenols, reducing sugars and total sugars decreased to a lesser extent while a slight increase in ortho dihydroxy phenols and alkaloids was noticed as compared to dehusked nuts similarly stored.
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    Biochemical composition of vascular sap from the inflorescence of apparently healthy and root (wilt) diseased coconut palms
    (1989) Chempakam, B.; Rajagopal, V.
    Vascular sap was collected from the inflorescences of apparently healthy and root (wilt) diseased coconut palms under aseptic conditions. The pH of the sap ranged from 6.8 to 7.5. Osmotic concentration was lower in the sap from the root (wilt) affected palms (540-620 m moles/kg) while apparently healthy palms showed higher values (790-850 m moles/kg). Direct analysis of the sap for the biochemical constituents, viz. sugars, protein, free amino acids, lipids and sterols showed discernible difference between the healthy and diseased palms. The major amino acids, sugars and organic acids were detected in the sap based on chromato-graphic studies. The possibility of utilising this data in preparing the media for culturing mycoplasma like organisms is discussed
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    Early diagnostic techniques on the root (wilt) disease of coconut in India
    (2007-02-08) Rajagopal, V.; Sasikala, M.; Sumathy Kutty Amma, B.; Chempakam, B.; Rawther, T.S.S.
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    Evaluation of tendernut water in coconut cultivars
    (2007-02) Dhamodaran, S.; Ratnambal, M.J.; Chempakam, B.; Pillai, R.V.; Viraktamath, B.C.
    The tendernut water of 12 coconut cultivars was evaluated biochemically to find out a suitable tendernut cultivar. Biochemical evaluation indicated that Chowghat Orange Dwarf (COD) had the maximum amount of total sugars (7.0 g/100 ml) and reducing sugars (4.7g/100 ml) and low sodium and potassium content (20 and 2003 ppm respectively). Scores and weightage were given for tendernut characters following Andersons method and a maximum index score of 73 was given to COD. Four cultivars selected based on biochemical evaluation were subjected to organoleptic test by seven tasters following a non-parametric statistical method. This study also confirmed the superior tendernut quality of COD.
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    Identification of Biochemical Constituents in the Phloem Sap from Root (Wilt) Diseased and Apparently Healthy Coconut palms
    (2007-02) Chempakam, B.; Rajagopal, V.; Gopalam, A.
    The phloem sap from the inflorescence of root (wilt) diseased and apparently healthy coconut palms (Cocos nucifera L.) were analysed for Individual amino acids, organic acids and sugars. The concentration of arginine, asportic acid and tyroslne and of glucose and galactose were higher In the sap from the diseased palms than that from the apparently healthy palms. All the constituents showed only quantitative differences between the palms. The possibility of using this Information for the in vitro culturing of mycoplasma-like organisms, which are Implicated with the disease is discussed
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    Inductive response of protective enzymes in coconut (Cocos nucifera L.) subjected to stress
    (2007-02) Kasturi Bai, K.V.; Naresh Kumar, S.; Chempakam, B.; Rajagopal, V.
    The coconut hybrids WCT x four exotic Tails viz., Philippines Ordinary (PHOT), Fiji (FIJT), Cochin China (CCNT), Strait Settlement Green (SSGT) as well as one indigenous tall- Kappadam (KPDT) were screened for tolerance to drought by using stomatal resistance and transpiration rate in the field as well as by the activities of the stress sensitive enzymes V/z., malic dehydrogenase, peroxidase, super oxide dismutase and catalase under induced stress condition. Leaf water potential (Y leaf) was determined both in situ and induced stress conditions. Differences in the parameters studied did not give any significant variations among the hybrid combinations during non-stress or stress periods and significant variations were observed only between the two periods under in situ conditions. However, under induced stress condition, the hybrids behaved differentially in activities of the enzymes in response to the decreased ¥ leaf. Based on the increase or decrease in the water relation components as well as stress related enzyme activities as compared with the normal level the hybrids were ranked for tolerance to drought. Ranking of the hybrids based on y leaf under induced stress condition as well as under field stress conditions gave similar results. Among the T x T combinations, WCT x SSGT was found to have relative tolerance to drought in terms of water relation components and enzyme activities. The results further established that rapid screening techniques can be employed with ease for screening large number of coconut cultivars / hybrids for tolerance to drought.
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    Lipid Peroxidation in Relation to Drought Tolerance in Coconut (Cocos nucifera L.)
    (2007-02) Chempakam, B.; Kasturi Bai, K.V.; Rajagopal, V.
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    Other Uses of Arecanut
    (2007-02) Chempakam, B.; Annamalai, S.J.K.; Murthy, K.N.
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    Production of Ball Copra by Heat Treatment
    (2007-02) Madhavan, K.; George, S.A.; Chempakam, B.; George V. Thomas
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    Quality of copra in relation to the drying methods
    (2003) Madhavan, K.; George V. Thomas; Chempakam, B.
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    Solubilization And Utilization Of Seed Reserves During The Germination Of Coconut (Cocos Nucifera L.)
    (1993) Manjula, C.; Rajagopal, V.; Chempakam, B.
    The time taken for germination differs in coconut, depending on the cultivars. In this paper, the solubilization and utilization of seed reserves are monitored during the early stages of germination in two late germinators namely, West Coast Tall(WCT) and the hybrid WCT x Chowghat Orange Dwarf (COD) and in two early germinators namely, COD and Malayan Yellow Dwarf (MYD). As germination proceeded, marked changes occurred in the seed reserves like total lipids, proteins, amino acids and carbohydrates. There was a rapid increase in the total sugars, reducing sugars and starch in the haustorium, which revealed the assimilation of sugars during the development of embryo. Similar changes were noticed in the contents of lipids and protein in both the kernel and haustorium. The role of hydrolytic enzymes like amylase, invertase, lipase, esterase and protease in the solubilization and utilization of seed reserves is also clearly brought out.
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    Studies on Phloem Sap Collection from Healthy and Root (wilt) Diseased Coconut Palms (Cocos nucifera L.)
    (1989) Rajagopal, V.; Chempakam, B.; Robert Cecil, S.; Kamalakshy Amma, P.G.
    Studies on Phloem sap collection from healthy and root (wilt) diseased coconut palms (Cocos nucifera L.). Rajagopal, V., Chempakam, B., Robert Cecil, S. and Kamalakshy Amma, P.G. Central Plantation Crops Research Institute, Regional Station, Kayangulam 690 533, Kerala, India, PI. Physiol. & Biochem., 16(1) : 52-56, 1989.—The rate of How of phloem sup from the inflorescences of coconut depends on the nature of the palms. While healthy palms yielded sap for longer duration in large quantities, root (wilt) diseased palms had less sap flow for restricted period. There were differences between healthy and diseased palms in the day and night collection of sap and its chemical composition. Sap flow varied between successive inflorescences of the same palm.
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    Variation For Leaf Polyphenols In Coconut Cultivars
    (1993) Chempakam, B.; Ratnambal, M.J.