Browsing by Author "Gopalasundaram, P."
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Item Advances in coconut research and development(2007-02-08) Nair, M.K.; Khan, H.H.; Gopalasundaram, P.; Bhaskara Rao, E.V.V.Item Cash flow analysis of coconut based high density multi-species cropping system – A case study(2007-02-08) Sairam, C.V.; Gopalasundaram, P.; Srinivasa Reddy, D.V.; Subramanian, P.; Umamaheswari, L.; Hegde, M.R.The cash flow analysis was performed for the coconut based intercropping systems under optimum management conditions for the period 1983-84 to 1996-97, involving banana, clove and pineapple as the inter/mixed crops. The variable capital requirements for adoption of the system ranged between Rs. 8,200/ha during 1984-85 to Rs. 40, 570/ha during 1996-97 for full dose of recommended fertilizers. This was mainly due to the increase in labour cost which alone contributed to 46-72% of the annual maintenance cost. The gross margin realized from the system ranged between Rs. -1,750/ha during 1983-84 to Rs. 92,230/ha during 1996-97. The capital requirement was marginally less when 2/3rd of the recommended fertilizers were applied. The Benefit Cost Ratio of the system was more than three for full as well as two-third level of fertilizers doses.Item Clove(Syzygium aromaticum L Merr.& Perry) mixed cropping in coconut garden(2007-02-08) Srinivasa Reddy, D.V.; Biddappa, C.C.; Gopalasundaram, P.The morphology and growth patterns of coconut palms provide opportunities to grow a wide range of crops in the interspaces for maximising productivity from a unit area of land per unit time. The crops will have to be selected carefully for a locality/region so that the farmer de-rives the maximum employment opportunities for family labour and high net returns. Clove being an important commercial crop which is suitable to high rainfall humid regions can be successfully cultivated under coconut plantations aged over 20 years with assured irrigation facility during summer months in the west coast of the country. Although, the yield potential of clove under coconut shade is slightly reduced, even then, a coconut small holder would gain more profits.Item Coconut based farm family models in India(2007-02-08) Nair, M.K.; Gopalasundaram, P.Item Coconut based high density multispecies cropping system under different levels of fertilizers in red sandy loam soils(2007-02-08) Srinivasa Reddy, D.V.; Subramanian, P.; Gopalasundaram, P.Coconut based HDMSCS model consisting of clove (112 plants/ha), banana (345 plants/ ha) and pineapple (2250 plants/ha) was studied under full, two-third, one-third, one-forth, one-fifth of recommended fertilizers of crops as per the package of practices for productivity and economic viability for four consecutive years (1995-96 to 1998-99) at CPCRI, Kasaragod. The data on mean productivity of crops revealed that the yield levels have declined with reduction of fertilizers below the one-third of recommended dose in the system. The coconut yield did not vary much among one-third, two-third and full dose of recommended fertilizers (147 to 152 nuts/palm/year). However, fertilizer levels below one-third dose recorded a mean nut yield of 124 to 133 nuts/palm/year. The component crops viz. clove, pineapple and banana performed better under two-third and full dose of recommended fertilizers in the system. The clove have not flowered under control and one-fifth dose in some years. The banana bunch weight was 5.12 and 5.54 kg under two-third and full dose an increase of 54.7% and 67.4% respectively over control. Pineapple also recorded an increase of 23.2% and 27.1 % fruit weight respectively over control. The total cost for the system was Rs. 29,127/ha under absolute fertilizer control plot, increased by 3.9%, 4%, 4.8%, 11.6% and 18% under one-fifth, one-forth, one-third, two-third and full dose of fertilizers, respectively. The net income was maximum with two-third of fertilizers (Rs. 75,375/ha) followed by full (Rs. 69,798/ha), one-third (Rs. 64,781/ ha), one-forth (Rs. 58,535/ha) and control (Rs. 50,618/ha). This indicates that the system is more economically viable at two-third of recommended fertilizers of individual crops.Item Crop year versus calendar year as basis for compiling annual yield in coconut(2007-02-08) Jacob Mathew; Gopalasundaram, P.; George, M.V.; Vijayakumar, K.; Jose, C.T.Coconuts are harvested throughout the year at an interval of about 30-60 days and the annual yield is the number of nuts obtained in a 12 month period. Two different methods of compilation of annual yield data showed that the year to year variation is more pronounced in the case of calendar year tabulation, as compared to agricultural years. When two year averages were taken, these differences were found to come down. With the help of experimental data, it has been shown that conclusions drawn can be different depending on the method of compilation of annual yield data. Analysis of mean yield for two consecutive years is suggested to overcame this problem.Item Cultivating clove in coconut garden(2007-02-08) Srinivasa Reddy, D.V.; Gopalasundaram, P.; Biddappa, C.C.The morphology and growth patterns of coconut palms provide opportunities to grow a wide range of crops in the interspaces for maximizing productivity from unit area of land per unit time. The crops should be selected carefully for a locality/region so that the farmers derive the maximum employment opportunities for their family labour and high net returns. Clove being the important commercial crop, suits to high rainfall humid regions. It can be successfully cultivated under coconut plantations aged over 20 years with assured irrigation facility during summer in the west coast of the country. Although the yield potential of clove under coconut shade is slightly reduced, even then a coconut small-holder would gain substantially more profits.Item Effect of depth and frequency of irrigation water, and fertilizer levels on growth and yield of coconut(2007-02-08) Gopalasundaram, P.Item Effect of long term fertiliser application and cultural practices on soil chemical properties and yield of coconut(2007-02-08) Hameed Khan, H.; Gopalasundaram, P.; Mohd. Yusuf; Hegde, M.R.Management of coconut groves through cultural practices alone, like cultivation of interspaces twice a year and weed control using herbicides only produced poor yields ranging from 10.7 to 32.3 nuts/palm as compared to fertiliser treatments coupled with cultural practices which produced yields ranging from 83 - 107.9 nuts/palm/year, indicating that cultural practices alone could not sustain higher productivity. However, long term studies have indicated that cultural practices alone are superior to no cultivation and no manuring. For judging the nitrogen status of coconut groves plant analysis may be a reliable index than soil analysis. The plant N levels obtained are much lower even in palms which receive regular fertiliser application on a long term basis indicating that the critical levels established by IRHO may be lowered for Kerala conditions. The palms under cultural treatment have an imbalanced nutrition compared to palms which are regularly fertilized.Item Effect of NPK fertilization on the mineral nutrition and yield of three coconut genotypes(1986) Hameed Khan, H.; Gopalasundaram, P.; Joshi, O.P.; Nelliat, E.V.Annual application of NPK fertilizers over a 18 year period to coconut on red sandy loam soils resulted in a minimal increase in mineralisable N, but in a marked increase in available P and K. Plant N levels, however, reflected the improved N nutrition but did not reach sufficiency levels found elsewhere. An available P status of 15 ppm in the control plots kept leaf P at sufficiency levels. P fertilizers did not increase the P content of leaves. K fertilizers raised the K leaf content to sufficiency levels. Doubling the M, fertilizer rates of 500 gN, 220 gP and 830 gK per palm per year had no effect on N, P and K levels in the palm leaves. Changes in K levels of the leaves had antagonistic effects on leaf Mg (r = — 0.68**) and leaf Na (r = — 0.87 **). As this effect brings leaf Mg close to deficiency values palms receiving K might need additional Mg as well. The findings and interpretation of soil and leaf analysis data were confirmed by large yield responses to application of NPK fertilizers. Genetic differences between palms in their response to levels of nutrient supplies were apparent. The CDO X WCT hybrid out-yielded the high yielding WCT variety especially when NPK was given at the M, level. The response in yield to applied fertilizers was linear for WCT and curvilinear for the hybrids CDO X WCT and WCT X CDO.Item Estimation of cost of production of coconut under optimum management conditions in North Kerala(2007-02) Sairam, C.V.; Gopalasundaram, P.; Muralidharan, K.; George, M.V.; Hegde, M.R.; Umamaheswari, L.The estimated cost of cultivation of coconut based on 1995-96 prices, under optimum management conditions of North Kerala, ranges from Rs. 28,600/ha during the first year of planting to Rs. 23,450/ha during the stabilized bearing period. The same for irrigated condition ranges between Rs. 52,650 and Rs. 27,750/ha and the cost of production was estimated as Rs. 3.30/nut and Rs. 2.60/nut under rainfed and irrigated condition respectivelyItem Experiences in coconut based farming systems in India(2007-02) Gopalasundaram, P.; Thomas Varghese, P.; Hegde, M.R.; Nair, M.G.K.; Das, P.K.A sole crop of coconut, at the recommended spacing of 7S x 7S m does not fully utilise the available soil and air space and incident solar radiation. Crops identified as compatible ones with coconut include many tuber crops (cassava, elephant foot yam, yams, colocasia), rhizome-spices (ginger, turmeric), pulses (cowpea), oilseeds (groundnut, soybean), upland rice, fruit crops (banana, pineapple) and vegetables among the annuals and cocoa, black pepper, clove and nutmeg among perennials. Many intensive crop combinations which involve different annuals and perennials over a period of time such as multistoreyed cropping system and high density multispecies crop models have also been developed. Mixed farming systems, which integrate other enterprises like dairying and sericulture provide higher employment generation and enhanced net income. Among the annua! crops, elephant foot yam and ginger are the most profitable. The additional employment generated ranged from 76 to 900 mandays/ha/year in different systems.Item Fertilizer Recommendation for Coconut Based on Mitscherlich-Bray Equation(1986-06) Hameed Khan, H.; Biddappa, C.C.; Joshi, O.P.; Manikandan, P.; Gopalasundaram, P.Item Fertilizer recommendation for coconut based on Mitscherlich-Bray equation(2007-02) Hameed Khan, H.; Biddappa, C.C.; Joshi, O.P.; Manikandan, P.; Gopalasundaram, P.Item High production technology in coconut(2007-02) Nair, M.K.; Khan, H.H.; Gopalasundaram, P.Item Influence of Depth and Frequency of Irrigation on the Water Movement and its Depletion by Coconut in a Red Sandy Loam Soil(2007-02) Joshi, O.P.; Manikandan, P.; Khan, H.H.; Gopalasundaram, P.Item Influence of Irrigation and Mulching on Soil Moisture and Soil Temperature Under Coconut in Littoral Sandy Soil(2007-02) Maheswarappa, H.P.; Gopalasundaram, P.; Dhanapal, R.; Subramanian, P.; Hegde, M.R.Item Input management for obtaining targetted yield in coconut(2007-02) Nelliat, E.V.; Gopalasundaram, P.Item Intercropping in Coconut(2007-02) Gopalasundaram, P.; Nelliat, E.V.Item Intercropping in Coconut Gardens(2007) Gopalasundaram, P.