Browsing by Author "Upadhyay, A.K."
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Item Comparison of techniques for organic manure production from plantation wastes(2007-02-08) Biddappa, C.C.; Palaniswami, C.; Upadhyay, A.K.; Ramanujam, B.The studies on organic manure preparation from plantation wastes viz. coir pith, areca wastes and coffee husk revealed that recovery per cent was highest in case of coffee husk followed by areca waste and coir pith. Highest recovery was recorded using chemical technique followed by anaerobic, aerobic and lastly microbial (Pleurotus sajor caju) technique. The C/N ratio was found to be the least in areca waste (7.82) and amongst the methods of composting, it was aerobic method (8.73). The nutritive value (N, P, K, Ca and Mg) of final compost was found to be more than the base material used. The pith - fibre ratio decreased to as low as 3.3 from initial value of 7.3 after composting of coir pith. The microbial load was higher for areca and coffee husk compost over their base materials. The cost of preparation of organic manure was found to be the least in chemical followed by anaerobic technique.Item A fuzzy neural network for coconut yield prediction(2008-10) Palaniswami, C.; Dhanapal, R.; Upadhyay, A.K.; Manojkumar, C.; Samsudeen, K.Item A fuzzy neural network for coconut yield prediction(Indian Society for Plantation Crops, 2008) Palaniswami, C.; Dhanapal, R.; Upadhyay, A.K.; Manojkumar, C.; Samsudeen, K.Item Impact of composted coir pith on the nutrition and productivity of coconut(2009-01) Upadhyay, A.K.; Maheswarappa, H.P.; Palaniswami, C.; Ravi Bhat; Subramanian, P.; George V. ThomasItem Impact of Integrated Nutrient Management on the Mineral Nutrition and Yield of WCT Coconut in Littoral Sandy Soil at Kasaragod(2002) Srinivasa Reddy, D.V.; Upadhyay, A.K.A field experiment was conducted in littoral sandy soil at Research Farm of Central Plantation Crops Research Institute, Kasaragod on W f f palms to study the response to 27 treatment combinations of three levels each of N (500,1000,1500), P,O, (250,500,750) and K,O (750,1250,1750) g/palm/year in combination with 20 kg organicslpaldyear. Results revealed that despite sufficiency levels of N, P and K contents in the index leaf of palms and significant variations in N and K contents among different levels, the differential response in nut yield among the various combinations of fertilizer nutrients was not noticed. However, the mean nut yield in all the treatment combinations increased over60% with the introduction of practice of application of 20 kg organics1 paldyear and application of chemical fertilizers in three equal splits under various treatment combinations. This practice 9 s even led to improvement in leaf P and K contents over earlier practice of chemical fertilizers alone. Howevek, no appreciable build up was noticed for soil available N and K in the littoral sand. The soil available P was found in sufficiency level in all the treatment combinationsItem Influence of fertilizer regime on potassium dynamics in a red sandy loam soil(2005) Upadhyay, A.K.; Palaniswami, C.; Hameed Khan, H.; Balamurugan, J.Potassium adsorption studies were carried out in a red sandy loam soil (Arenic Paleushclt) under various fertilizer regimes in coconut under coconut based cropping system at Kasaragod. The soil samples were collected fmm the basin of the coconut palms. Adsorption studies are carriedout using batch technique with five K levels viz. 0,259,500,750 and 1000 ppm K. In the treatments, no fertilizer, one-fifth and one-fourth of the recommended dose, the adsorbed K increased up to 750 ppm K level. and there upon it showed a decline at 1000 ppm K level. However, in case of other three fertilizer regimes, the adsorption of K incwed to 500 pprn K level, beyond which there was decline in K adsorption. Within the K levels. K adsorption dedined from no fertilizer upto one-fourth of the recommended dose and after which the K adsot iainnm ased with increasing fertilizer levels. The optimum K application to maximize the soil solution K for optimum plant nutrition at each treatment level ranged from 662 ppm (full dose) to 692 ppm (No fertilizer). The quantity of K fertilizer required to optimize the soil solution K concentratibn in red s d y lo& soil is 119g YO palm-year, which very well matches with the general K recommendation (1200g YO palm-year) for the crop in India.Item Integrated Nutrient Management in Plantation Crops(2002) Hameed Khan, H.; Upadhyay, A.K.; Palaniswami, C.Plantation crops are generally grown on resource poor soils. Unlike annual crops mismanaged perennial crops may never achieve the full production potential with very significant yield reductions and disastrous economic consequences. Plantation crops are managed to get a variety of produces, for e.g., from buds and leaves of tea, berries of coffee, latex of rubber and nuts of coconut palm. Fertilizer management in perennial crops is a continuous battle against soil limiting factors, varying nutrient demands in different stages of their growth. Out of the nutrient requirement of plantation crops viz., 0.43 million tons of nitrogen, 0.24 million tons of P20, and 0.62 millions tons of K,O only 22 per cent is met through use of fertilizers.The huge amounts of crops residues containing appreciable quantity of nutrients produced by plantation crops are often not recycled into the system in a systematic manner.The potential of the nutrients in recycling of biomass generated in coconut, oil palm, arecanut, cocoa and coffee systems has been elaborated as 91740 t N, 11890 t P20,, 62700 t K20 for 2000 AD and a five-fold increase during 2025 AD.These organic forms of nutrients can improve soil health through their effect on soil physic0 chemical properties and microbial flora. Nevertheless, use of chemical fertilizers is the easiest way of boosting crops yield. However, its cost, government policies and environmental problems associated with it fear of low yields when not applied in balanced proportions deter the farmers from resorting the regular fertilizer application. Considering the behaviour of microbes, lignin-rich nature of the planting material, rate and extent of decomposition, it is necessary that techniques of composing the biomass and recycling by practicing integrated nutrient management assume significance. In fact INM is the key for nutrient management in plantation crops based systems. There is a need to develop integrated production systems for each of the plantation crops. For tree crops, farming system is the best option for the INM. For each of the plantation crops an inventory of the resources available in the system, their characterisation and behaviour in soil has to be documented. The importance of secondary micronutrients and the INM methods through which these can be enriched in the soil needs investigation. WTO regime has opened up many challenges for plantation crops sector.To produce more and compete globally we need to guard the productivity potential of soil. INM offers many avenues in this direction. Besides the above is a need for a sound extension policy to propagate the benefit of INM in plantation crops systems.Item Milestones in Coconut Research(2007-02) Nampoothiri, K.U.K.; Upadhyay, A.K.; Biddappa, C.C.Item Mineralisation of nitrogen in some soils of Kerala(Indian Society for Plantation Crops, 2007-08) Upadhyay, A.K.; Palaniswami, C.; Biddappa, C.C.Four soil types from Kerala viz. Sandy (Oxic quanzipsamments), Red sandy loam (Arenic paleustults ), Laterite (Oxic haplustults) and Kari (Tropic fluvaquents) were taken for studying their rate of nitrogen mineralization. The inorganic N production in thc case of red sandy loam, sandy and laterite soils decreased from 20 days upto 40 days after incubation. Further, a marginal decline in net mineralisation of N after 60 days of incubation followed by increase upto 80 days after incubation was observed. However, in case of Kari soil, the inorganic N production decreased from 20 days to 60 days after incubation, after which it registered an increase upto 80 days after incubation. The rate of mineralisation of inorganic N was more in case of Kari soil (0.543 pg N iday) followed by red sandy loam (0.032 )IS Nlday), sandy (0.027 pg Nlday) and lastly, laterite (0.024 pg N /day). Linear and first order kinetics were worked out. Except for sandy soil which had high R2 value in first order transformation, all the other soil types followed linear transformation. thereby, indicating that the rate of N mineralised is time dependent for Red sandy loam, laterite and Kari soils.Item Nutritional Requirement of Coconut Palm(1998) Srinivasa Reddy, D.V.; Upadhyay, A.K.Item Organic Farming Technology for Coconut(2007-02) Upadhyay, A.K.; Srinivasa Reddy, D.V.; Biddappa, C.C.Item Organic Matter Recycling in Plantation Crops(2007-02) Biddappa, C.C.; Upadhyay, A.K.; Hegde, M.R.; Palaniswami, C.The plantation crops viz. coconut, arecanut, cocoa, spices, cashewnut, tea, coffee, oilpalm and rubber which are yielding economic produces throughout the year, deplete the soil of its precious nutrient reserve as well. The total nutrient depletion has been worked out to be approximately 149.7, 52.2 and 219.0 thousand tonnes of N, P and K respectively. Barring the economic produce, plantation crops produce large quantities of usufructs/waste/byproduct which can be recycled back to the field, thereby meeting a part of crop nutrient demand. Around 7.5 million tonnes of coir pith, 0.18 million tonnes of coffee husk, 0.43 million tonnes of areca waste and 0.45 million tonnes of cocoa waste are available annually, thereby, accounting for approximately 60.96, 3.45 and 35.38 thousand tonnes of N, P and K per year respectively. Composting is an efficient way of waste management by reducing C:N ratio, bulkiness and increasing nutrient content also. There is ample scope to conserve the available byproducts for sustaining the production in plantation crops. This paper primarily deals with the potential available for organic matter recycling in plantation crops through on-farm waste/byproduct management and its subsequent re-utilization in the form of organic manure.Item Phosphorus and potassium distribution as influenced by fertigation in arecanut rhizosphere(Indian Society for Plantation Crops, 2007-08) Ravi Bhat; Sujatha, S.; Upadhyay, A.K.; Ashalatha, B.V.As a part of long term study on fertigation in arecanut (Areca catechu L.) initiated in 1996 at Central Plantation Crops Research Institute, Regional Station, Vittal in Kamataka, an experiment was conducted in 1999 to study the effect of fertigation comprising of different fertilizer doses and frequencies of application on the distribution pattem of available phosphorus and potassium in soil. The available P and K distribution in soil was significantly affected by both depth and distance from dripping point. The concentration of both available P and K was maximum at the dripping point within 30 cm depth. The available P and K content were the highest at the dripping point and declined progressively with distance from dripping point. Nutrient distribution pattern showed that both 50 %and 100 % NPK levels maintained more or less same available phosphorus and potassium concentration in arecanut rhizosphere. This study gives scope for reducing the fertilizer dose if applied through drip irrigation on long term basis.Item Potassium and Sulphur Nutrition of Coconut(2003-08) Palaniswami, C.; Upadhyay, A.K.Item Response of high yielding coconut variety and hybirds to fertilization under rainfed and irrigated conditions(2001) Srinivasa Reddy, D.V.; Hameed Khan, H.; Gopalasundaram, P.; Upadhyay, A.K.A long-term experiment was conducted to study the differential fertilizer response of high yielding West Coast Tall variety, Chowghat Orange Dwarf (COD) x West Coast Tall (WCT) and WCT x COD hybrids of coconut for growth, nutrition, yield and economic returns under rainfed and irrigated conditions at Central Plantation Crops Research Institute, Kasaragod. The average yield for 8 years showed that the fertilizer treatment 1000 g N: 437g P: 1667g K palm-1 yr-1 (M2) recorded significantly higher nut yield (136 nuts palm-1 yr-1) than Mi treatment (500 g N: 218 g P: 833 g K palm-1 yr-1) and no fertilizer application (Mo)- Amongst the variety/hybrids, the hybrid COD x WCT (128 nuts palm-1 yr-1) out yielded its reciprocal cross (114 nuts palm-1 yr-1) and WCT variety (115 nuts palm-1 yr-1). The growth parameters recorded did not show any significant difference in tree height and girth at base among the variety/hybrids. However, fertilizer application significantly increased the trunk height and girth at base. Annual application of fertilizers for a period of 32 years to coconut resulted in a marked increase in available phosphorus and potassium status in soil, but a marginal change in soil available nitrogen status was observed. Foliar contents of N remained below the critical levels of 1.8-2.0%. Phosphorus buildup in the soil due to fertilizers, did not reflect in the P contents of diagnostic leaf under both rainfed and irrigated conditions. Application of K fertilizer at M1level maintained K content of leaves at 1.07% i.e. just above the critical level (0.8-1.0%), whereas application of K fertilizers at M2 level raised the leaf K content to 1.20%. The leaf nutrient contents did not vary much among variety/hybrids due to fertilizer application. The cost-benefit ratio was most favourable under fertilizer treatment M1. For every rupee (Rs) invested on manuring, the total net return was Rs 2.80 under M1 level and Rs 2.85 under M2 level of fertilizers.Item Spectral mixture analysis for subpixel classification of coconut(2006-12) Palaniswami, C.; Upadhyay, A.K.; Maheswarappa, H.P.The present study was undertaken to test the stability of a spectral mixture modelling method by applying the model to produce land-cover maps of coconut in Kasaragod district, Kerala. Classification results from applying the Spectral Mixture Analysis (SMA) were assessed by comparison with ground-truth data. SMA was performed and evaluated based on Landsat-7 ETM+ (Enhanced Thematic Mapper Plus) data. Landsat- 7 ETM+ was available at 30 m resolution with six spectral bands (excluding the panchromatic band and thermal band). The Landsat-7 ETM+ scene used in this study was acquired on 8 August 2000 from path 135, row 21. The scene was a level-2 product and was radiometrically and geometrically corrected (systematic) and resampled to give 25 m resolution. The commercial image processing software, IDRISI32 was used here for data visualization. The procedure used in this study was based on a linear mixture model to derive continuous fields of coconut, road, laterite outcrops, construction, arecanut and cloud. SMA was done on DN values and corresponding radiance values of the satellite imagery. The accuracy of endmember fraction was estimated as the mean of the percentage absolute difference between actual and modelled estimates. The subpixel accuracy achieved for the coconut land-cover was 87% using SMA of DN values, while it was 93% for SMA of radiance values.Item Spectral mixture analysis for subpixel classification of coconut(2006-12) Palaniswami, C.; Upadhyay, A.K.; Maheswarappa, H.P.Item Studies of nutrient export and extent of nutrient recycling in coconut based high density multispecies cropping system(2005) Subramanian, P.; Srinivasa Reddy, D.V.; Palaniswami, C.; Gopalasundaram, P.; Upadhyay, A.K.Item Studies on nutrient export and extent of nutrient recycling in coconut based high density multispecies cropping system(2005) Subramanian, P.; Srinivasa Reddy, D.V.; Palaniswami, C.; Gopalasundaram, P.; Upadhyay, A.K.Item Studies on nutrient export and extent of nutrient recycling in coconut based high density multispecies cropping system(2005) Subramanian, P.; Srinivasa Reddy, D.V.; Palaniswami, C.; Gopalasundaram, P.; Upadhyay, A.K.