Cocoa
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Item Activity Evaluation of Cocoa Pod Borer Sex Pheromone in Cacao Fields(2008) Aijun Zhang; Lip Foo Kuang; Navies Maisin; Bhanu Rumuru; David R. Hall; Ike Virdiana; Smilja Lambert; Hussin Bin Purung; Shifa Wang; Prakash HebbarThe previously identiÞed female sex pheromone of cocoa pod borer, Conopomorpha cramerella, was re-evaluated for its attractive activity in different Þeld conditions. It was found that lures containing 100- g of synthetic sex pheromone blend, (E,Z,Z)- and (E,E,Z)-4,6,10-hexadecatrienyl acetates, and the corresponding alcohols in a ratio of 40:60:4:6 in a polyethylene vial attracted male C. cramerella moths in Sabah and peninsular Malaysia and in Sumatra and Sulawesi, Indonesia, suggesting that the same pheromone strain existed in a wide stretch of the Indo-Malayan archipelago. Of the three kinds of trap designs tested, the Delta traps were more effective than Pherocon V scale traps. Male captures were not signiÞcantly different among traps baited with 100-, 300-, or 1,000- g doses of sex pheromone. A release rate study of pheromone formulation conducted in the laboratory showed that volatile active ingredients were desorbed from polyethylene vials following Þrst-order kinetics, which indicates a satisfactory “half-life time” of a 100- g loading is 6 wk under laboratory conditions. A satisfactory attractiveness of the lure with a 100- g loading was 1Ð2 mo in the fieldsItem Adaptation strategies of Ghanaian cocoa farmers under a changing climate(2020) Lydia Afriyie - Kraft; Astrid Zabel; Lawrence DamnyagItem Adding value to cocoa (Theobroma cacao L.) germplasm information with domestication history and admixture mapping(Springer-Verlag, 2007) Maria Marcano; Tatiana Pugh; Emile Cros; Sonia Morales; Elvis A. Portillo Paez; Brigitte Courtois; Jean Christophe Glaszmann; Jan M.M. Engels; Wilbert Phillips; Carlos Astorga; Ange Marie Risterucci; Olivier Fouet; Ventura Gonzalez; Kai Rosenberg; Isabelle Vallat; Manuel Dagert; Claire LanaudItem Adding Value to Indian Cocoa Beans(2019) L Nitin ChordiaItem Adsorptive elimination of methylene blue dye from aquatic system using biochar produced from cocoa shell(2020) D. Prabu; P. Senthil Kumar; Kilaru Harsha Vardhan; S. Sathish; Alan Raju; John MathewItem Agronomic conditions of cacao cultivation: its relationship with the capitals endowment of Colombian rural households(2020) Isabel Gutie´rrez-Montes; Jose´ Ramiro Sanchez-Acosta; He´ctor Eduardo Herna´ndez-Nu´n˜ezItem ALL ABOUT COCOA GROWING(1977) George, C.K.Item Allelic size standards and reference genotypes to unify international cocoa (Theobroma cacao L.) microsatellite data(2006) Cryer, N.C.; Fenn, M.G.E.; Turnbull, C.J.; Wilkinson, M.J.Standardisation of microsatellite allele profiles between laboratories is of fundamental importance to the transferability of genetic fingerprint data and the identification of clonal individuals held at multiple sites. Here we describe two methods of standardisation applied to the microsatellite fingerprinting of 429 Theobroma cacao L. trees representing 345 accessions held in the worlds largest Cocoa Intermediate Quarantine facility: the use of a partial allelic ladder through the production of 46 cloned and sequenced allelic standards (AJ748464 to AJ48509), and the use of standard genotypes selected to display a diverse allelic range. Until now a lack of accurate and transferable identification information has impeded efforts to genetically improve the cocoa crop. To address this need, a global initiative to fingerprint all international cocoa germplasm collections using a common set of 15 microsatellite markers is in progress. Data reported here have been deposited with the International Cocoa Germplasm Database and form the basis of a searchable resource for clonal identification. To our knowledge, this is the first quarantine facility to be completely genotyped using microsatellite markers for the purpose of quality control and clonal identification. Implications of the results for retrospective tracking of labelling errors are briefly explored.Item Amelioration of Soil Acidity Using Cocoa Husk Ash for Maize Production in Umudike Area of South East Nigeria(2007) Onwuka, M.I.; Osodeke, V.E.; Okolo, N.A.Item Analysis and occurrence of deoxynivalenol (DON) in cocoa(2008) Marion Raters; Reinhard MatissekThe primary objective of this study was to establish a current situation assessment of the possible occurrence of deoxynivalenol in cocoa and cocoa products. Since there was no analytic method for determining DON in cocoa and cocoa products, a special method was developed. The applicability and consistency of the method was conWrmed by performing recovery assays on various cocoa products. A special post-column derivatisation procedure was used to increase selectivity and raise sensitivity by a factor of 80. The method’s limit of detection (LOD) was thereby reduced to 7 g/kg; the limit of quantiWcation (LOQ) was 14 g/kg. The method was used to test 230 samples for possible DON content, ranging from cocoa beans to cocoa bean shells, nibs, cocoa liquor and cocoa powders through to Wnished cocoa-based products. In the case of cocoa beans and cocoa bean shells, DON content close to the detection limit was only determined in isolated cases. No DON content was detected in nibs, cocoa liquor, cocoa powders and Wnished cocoa-based products. Analogous to ochratoxin A and aXatoxins, the results show DON is more likely to be found in cocoa bean shells. Separation of shells during cocoa processing can reduce potential DON contents. Since no DON was determined in the fractions relevant for chocolate production, these assays show it does not represent a considerable issue for the cocoa and chocolate industry.Item Analysis of acrylamide in coffee and cocoa by isotope dilution liquid chromatography–tandem mass spectrometry(Springer-Verlag, 2006) Patricia C. Aguas; Matthew J. Fitzhenry; Georgina Giannikopoulos; Peter VarelisAn accurate and precise method for the quantification of acrylamide using stable isotope dilution liquid chromatography–tandem mass spectrometry was developed and used to measure acrylamide in coffee and cocoa samples. The sample preparation involved extraction of the analyte and its internal standard, 13C3-acrylamide, into water and subsequent defatting of the aqueous extract with dichloromethane. An aliquot of the resulting aqueous extract was then azeotropically dried under reduced pressure and subsequently purified using an aminopropyl- bonded silica cartridge. The purified extracts were then chromatographed on a 5-μm 2.1×150 mm Hypercarb column, the effluent of which was monitored for the analyte and its internal standard using positive-ion APCI-selected reaction monitoring. The intra-laboratory reproducibility of the method, expressed as a relative coefficient of variation (%, n=5), was determined at four levels of concentration (12.3, 42.3, 139.3 and 464.8 μg kg−1) and was found to vary between 0.6–2.5%. The accuracy of themethod was assessed using a reference sample of coffee. The average result obtained using our method differed from the assigned value of the reference material by less than 1%. An analysis of a cocoa sample revealed that the method is capable of precisely estimating acrylamide in challenging matrices down to a level of at least 12.3 μg kg−1.Item Antagonism of yeast isolates to the etiological agent of ceratocystis wilt in cocoa(2018) Giselle de Souza Rodrigues; Antônio Pimenta Neto; Maria Argôlo Magalhães; Andréa Miura da Costa; Edna Dora Martins Newman LuzItem Antiplasmodial activity of Cocos nucifera leaves in Plasmodium berghei-infected mice(2020) Nicole M. Tayler; Rosa De Jesus; Rita Spadafora; Lorena M. Coronado; Carmenza SpadaforaItem Anxiolytic effects of short- and long-term administration of cacao mass on rat elevated T-maze test(2009) Takashi Yamada; Yasushi Yamada; Yasuyo Okano; Takehiko Terashima; Hidehiko YokogoshiWe demonstrated the effects of short- and long-term administration of cacao mass on anxiety in the elevated T-maze test, which is an animal model of anxiety. In the first study, we administered cacao mass (100 mg/100 g body weight) per os and immediately performed the elevated T-maze test. Short-term cacao mass significantly abolished delayed avoidance latency compared with the control but did not change escape latency. This result suggested that cacao mass administration reduced conditional fear-relating behavior. Short-term cacao mass administration did not affect the concentration of brain monoamines, emotion-related neurotransmitters such as norepinephrine, serotonin and dopamine, in the rat brain. In the next study, we fed a cacao mass-containing diet to rats for 2 weeks and performed the elevated T-maze test. Contrary to short-term administration, chronic consumption of cacao mass tended to increase avoidance latency and did not change escape latency. Brain serotonin concentration and its turnover were enhanced by chronic consumption of cacao mass. These results suggested that chronic consumption of cacao did not affect fear-related behavior but was involved in brain monoamine metabolism. In conclusion, we suggest that short-term cacao mass consumption showed an anxiolytic effect but chronic consumption did not.Item Application of nitrogen and potassium via irrigation water on growth of clonal cocoa seedlings(2014) Adriana Ramos; George Andrade Sodre; Paulo Cesar Lima Marrocos; Jose Olimpio de Souza JuniorItem Artisanal cocoa bean fermentation: From cocoa bean proteins to bioactive peptides with potential health benefits(2020) Leydy A. Domínguez-Pérez; Lilia M. Beltrán-Barrientos; Aarón F. González-Córdova; Adrián Hernández-Mendoza; Belinda Vallejo-CordobaItem ASSESING GENETIC DIVERSITY OF CACAO (Theobroma cacao L.) NATIVO CHUNCHO IN LA CONVENCIÓN, CUSCO-PERÚ.(2017) Céspedes-Del Pozo, W.H.; Blas-Sevillano, R.; Zhang, D.Item Assessing the genetic diversity in the International Cocoa Genebank Trinidad (ICG,T) using isozyme electrophoresis and RAPD(2005) Sounigo, O.; Umaharan, R.; Christopher, Y.; Sankar, A.; Ramdahin, S.Random amplified polymorphic DNA (RAPD) and isozyme electrophoresis (IE) techniques were used to estimate the level of genetic diversity in a sample of cacao germplasm existing at the International Cocoa Genebank, Trinidad. Twenty-six cocoa populations represented by 459 cocoa genotypes were analysed using IE and 22 populations represented by 353 cocoa genotypes were analysed using RAPD. Despite few differences in the classification of the populations, both techniques revealed three major groups: the indigenous trees, the cultivated Trinitario and the cultivated trees from Ecuador. Two-thirds of the partitioned diversity were found within populations and one-third between the populations, with both techniquesItem Assessing the impact of non-governmental organization’s extension programs on sustainable cocoa production and household income in Ghana(2021) Sonny Gad ATTIPOE; CAO Jian-min; Yaa OPOKU - KWANOWAA; Frank OHENE-SEFAItem Assessment of genetic variability for growth, floral, yield and its component traits in coconut (Cocos nucifera L.)(2020) Sivakumar, V.; Subramanian, A.; Geethanjali, S.; Praneetha, S.; Maheswarappa, H.P.