Research Articles

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Effect of charcoal-impregnated calcium alginate spherules in mitigating polyphenolic interference in coconut (Cocos nucifera L.) suspension cultures.
(2026) Neema, M.; Aparna, V.; Sudha, R.; Chandran, K.P.; Zaeema, F.; Sugatha, P; Ramesh, S.V.
Phenolic oxidation and browning pose significant challenges in coconut cell suspension culture. Although activated charcoal is commonly used to mitigate phenolic interference, its powder form reduces medium clarity, thereby hindering precise quantification. The present study aimed to address this issue by developing an alternative method of incorporating activated charcoal that maintains its functional role while preserving culture transparency. For this, calcium alginate spherules of two sizes (4 and 6 mm) were prepared using varying concentrations of sodium alginate and calcium chloride, and their stability in suspension culture conditions was evaluated. Selected spherules were incorporated with activated charcoal and were further tested for polyphenol adsorption capacity in gallic acid solutions and coconut cell suspension cultures. While the spherules of treatment S1T20 (6 mm diameter, 3.0% sodium alginate with 0.4 M calcium chloride), incorporated with 2.0 g L− 1 of activated charcoal, adsorbed 68 to 80% of the polyphenols in coconut cell suspension, those devoid of activated charcoal exhibited no phenol adsorption. Proliferation of the cell and formation of cell clumps occurred in media with activated charcoal (either in the powder form or as incorporated in calcium alginate spherules), whereas the cells elongated and vacuolated in media without activated charcoal. This study introduced, for the first time, an effective alternative to the conventional approach of incorporating activated charcoal powder in suspension cultures using calcium alginate spherules. This approach effectively addressed the challenge of phenolic interference while simultaneously enhancing medium clarity facilitating accurate visualization and quantification of cultured cells. The proposed technology holds promise not only for coconut suspension cultures but also for application across a wide range of plant species where activated charcoal is essential during various stages of in vitro culture. The study provided important insights that can guide future research efforts to enhance the somatic embryogenesis protocol in coconut.
Performance of local coconut (Cocos nucifera L.) germplasm under Assam conditions of the North East region of India
(2026) Singh, L.S.; Niral, V.; Acharya, G.C.; Chaithra, M.; Alpana Das; Jyoti Roy
The study was carried out to elucidate the performance of local coconut accessions collected from different parts of Assam in the North East region of India, an experiment was conducted at the Research Centre, ICAR-Central Plantation Crops Research Institute. Observations were recorded on growth, yield, fruit and nut characters and tender nut water and quality of 13 local coconut accessions. The experiment was laid out in 3 replications, with 4 palms per replication. The study showed that accession, KKHC 4 produced the highest nut yield and kernel content, indicating its potential suitability for cultivation in the North East region. Accession KKHC 6 exhibited enhanced fruit size and a higher volume and quality of tender nut water, suggesting its value for both fresh consumption and beverage markets. These findings highlight the necessity for region specific coconut improvement programs and underscore the importance of selecting and promoting locally adapted germplasm.
Pollen-based screening of coconut (Cocos nucifera L.) varieties for tolerance to high temperature and drought stress
(2026) Sudha. R .; Neema. M .; Niral, V.; Samsudeen. v.; Veluru. A .; Chandran, K.P.; Sivakumar. V.; Ananthan. M. R.
Cocos nucifera L. is a vital crop in South Asia, particularly in coastal areas vulnerable to climate change, with heat and drought stress significantly impacting its production. The reproductive stage of coconut is more sensitive to these stresses. Recent studies have employed in vitro pollen screening to assess heat tolerance. Osmotic adjustment (OA) has been recognized as a key factor in drought tolerance by maintaining turgor pressure. This study examined the effects of temperature on pollen germination (PG) and tube growth across eight coconut hybrids, with temperatures ranging from 15 to 50 ºC. The hybrids showed significant differences in cardinal temperatures (Tmin, Topt, Tmax) for PG and tube growth. This work also assessed osmotic stress responses using polyethylene glycol (PEG) solutions in the presence or absence of an osmolyte potassium chloride (KCl), revealing differences in intrinsic OA and osmolyte-induced OA. The Chowghat Orange Dwarf (COD) x Andaman Ordinary Tall (ADOT) hybrid was found to be the most heat tolerant. These findings provide valuable insights into coconut hybrid tolerance to climate change, highlighting the potential for combining intrinsic and osmolyte-induced OA to enhance drought resistance.
Stability analysis of cocoa clones for yield in the humid tropics of India
(2026-04) Alwala Kireeti; Gunna Ramanandam; Valluri Govardhan Rao; Boddepalli Neeraja; N. B. V. Chalapathi Rao; Elain Apshara, S.; S. Sumitha; Augustine Jerard, B.
Studies on the effectiveness of milk vendorship in Uttar Pradesh: A principal component analysis approach
(2025-11) Awadhesh Dixit; Ponnusamy K
This study was conducted to analyze the effectiveness of milk vendorship in Uttar Pradesh by using multistage random sampling across the Eastern, Central, Western and Bundelkhand economic regions. Data were collected from the selected120 milk vendors of the towns vendors who had been in the dairy venture for at least five years i.e. 2015-16 to 2020-21 through structured interview schedule. The collected data focused on major effectiveness indicators such as income generation, operational efficiency, infrastructure facilities, and competitiveness. Employing Principal Component Analysis (PCA), objective weights were given to these indicators, and a holistic effectiveness index was developed. The findings showed that the major dimensions influencing vendorship effectiveness were competitiveness (19.697), followed by income generation (15.473), operational efficiency (12.462), and infrastructure facilities (10.201). The findings indicated that only 30.80 percent of vendors were highly effective, 32.5 per cent were medium, and 36.7 per cent were low. Vendors with medium and high-effectiveness level benefited relatively more due to reduced cost family labour and integration of technologies. Strengthening vendor capacities through government initiatives, need-based training, and mechanization assistance could optimize vendorship, ensuring the distribution of high-quality milk, increased income, and resistance to market fluctuations, ultimately leading to a sustainable dairy economy.
A rapid and simplified technique for inducing Ganoderma lucidum infections in coconut and arecanut seedlings
(2026) Daliyamol; K.K. Greena; V.H. Prathibha; M. Amruthalekshmi; M.K. Rajesh; Y. Diwakar; Vinayaka Hegde
Ganoderma lucidum is a soil borne fungi known to cause Basal stem rot (BSR) or Thanjavur wilt or Ganoderma wilt disease in coconut as well as Foot rot or Anabe roga disease in arecanut plantations. Due to its soil borne nature, effectively managing the disease in field conditions is highly challenging. To combat this issue, the development of resistant or tolerant seedlings is crucial for sustainable production of coconut and arecanut palms. Therefore, a reliable and rapid method to assess resistance of palms to Ganoderma disease is essential. Here we report a rapid inoculation technique wherein seedlings were soaked in 5 days old mycelia cultures supplemented with 0.002% Tween 20 for a period of 60 min. The initial symptoms could be noticed 15 days after
Status and performance of agri startup ecosystem: Insights for plantation crops
(2025) Ponnusamy, K.; Manikantan, M. R.; Rajkumar, M.
venture capital availability, incubator development, and a skilled talent pool. Agriculture substantially attracted startups to drive entrepreneurship. This study examines the performance of startup entrepreneurs by interviewing 100 of them during 2025-2026 during their visits to ICAR-CPCRI and exhibitions at different locations across the country. Most of the startups (42 %) were less than 3 years old, operating in semi-urban areas (70%) and belonged to private limited ownership (48%). They comprised predominantly of agritech sector (47%) followed by food processing (18%). Majority of the startup companies (58%) employed upto 5 employees. In service portfolio, most of the startups provide training (43%) and advisory services (58%) and in product portfolio, value added products (47%) were dominated followed by organic agriculture products (38%). More than half of the respondents (54%) used an advanced technology for better efficiency followed a superior user experience (47%). Majority of the challenges lie in acquiring early customers (61%) followed by securing funding (58%). The adoption of digital platforms and advancements in supply chain technology can further enable startups to reach urban and rural markets alike. Startup entrepreneurs have the potential to significantly impact the plantation sector and the economy at large by utilizing technology, embracing sustainable practices, and capitalizing on market demand.
Resilience and sustainability in the Indian coffee value chain: A Mixed-Method analysis
(2025) Venkateswaran, K.; Jayasekhar, S.; Usha, S.; Dharini Chittaragi
The Indian coffee industry holds a significant position in the global coffee trade, supporting rural livelihoods, generating export revenue, and maintaining plantations rich in biodiversity. However, the sector faces increasing challenges due to climate variability, market volatility, sustainability compliance requirements, and uneven value distribution within the value chain. This study employed a mixed-method research approach, integrating quantitative and qualitative analyses to examine resilience, sustainability, and competitiveness in the Indian coffee industry. Trend analysis, descriptive statistics, comparative analysis, and compound annual growth rate (CAGR) were applied to secondary data from the Food and Agriculture Organisation, the World Bank, and the Coffee Board of India for 2013–2024. The qualitative component is based on documentary review and thematic analysis of value chain governance, certification programmes, climate adaptation strategies, and sustainability practices. The findings indicate improved economic outcomes associated with sustainable farming and certification practices, a moderate increase in coffee production, and a growing prevalence of climate-resilient Robusta cultivation. Nevertheless, institutional gaps, limited technical knowledge, and high compliance costs continue to restrict smallholder participation. The study underscores the importance of market diversification, digitalization, and sustainability in enhancing resilience and export competitiveness within the Indian coffee value chain.
5-Azacytidine promotes the induction of embryogenic calli and somatic embryos from transverse thin cell layer (tTCL) cultures in coconut
(2025) Amritha, K.T.K; Muralikrishna, K.S; Habeeb, J; Chandran, K.P; Paulraj, S; Rajesh, M.K.
Coconut (Cocos nucifera L.) is highly recalcitrant to in vitro interventions. There is a need to overcome various bottlenecks to standardize a repeatable protocol for in vitro regeneration in coconut to meet the requirements of quality planting materials. Epigenetic processes, especially DNA methylation, are known to assay crucial roles in regulating genes controlling plant growth and development, especially somatic embryogenesis. In this study, we demonstrate that the supplementation of 5-azacytidine (5-azaC), a demethylating agent, in the coconut tissue culture media can enhance the formation of embryogenic calli, somatic embryos, and plantlet regeneration from transverse thin sections of mature zygotic embryos. Transverse thin cell layer (tTCL) sections of zygotic embryos were cultured onto Y3 medium supplemented with different concentrations of 5-azaC (0, 10, 15, and 20 μM), auxins (2,4-D, picloram and atrazine; 75 and 100 μM) and thidiazuron (TDZ;4.5 μM). Explants were exposed to constant 5-azaC and reduced auxin concentration in subsequent sub-culturing. Our results indicated supplementing 15 μM 5-azaC, in combination with picloram (75 μM) and TDZ (4.54 μM), improved the percentage of callusing (95.8%) and formation of embryogenic calli (87.5%), and formation of somatic embryos (4.7) and plantlets (4.0) per explant in comparison with control having 80.8%, 75.0%, 1.6 and 0.67, respectively from tTCL sections of mature zygotic embryos. The results will form the basis for designing more efficient coconut tissue culture protocols.
Palmyrah (Borassus flabellifer L) Tuber in India: Present Status and Scope
(2024) P. C. Vengaiah; K. R. Prasad; G. N. Murthy; Sumitha, S.; Augustine Jerard, B.
Palmyrah palm, is also an important multipurpose tree having great utility of each part of it have economic value right from fruit to root and hence the palm is equated to the “Kalpa Vriksha” in the Indian mythology meaning the tree that gives everything for life. The Palmyra palm can be found in Tamil Nadu, Telangana, Andhra Pradesh, Orissa, and Bihar. The palms in South India are seldom used to the full potential, but the natural regeneration through seeds increases the number of palms in the territory. Very few growers use the young fruits although the delicacy is known to the people. The ripe fruits are not used either for juice or for tuber production, whereas, the tubers are sold in the markets for fresh consumption. Palmyrah tuber flour is used as raw material for various products of starch in food industries and bakery and confectionary items.
Effect of light-emitting diodes on the proliferation of immature endosperm derived calli of coconut (Cocos nucifera L.)
(2024) Geethu Venugopal; K.S. Muralikrishna; Sugatha Padmanabhan; Rajesh, M.K
Coconut endosperm has a unique fatty acid profile with a pre-dominance of saturated fatty acids like lauric acid and myristic acid. Manipulation of fatty acid biosynthesis pathways can be possible with in vitro multiplication of endosperm tissue in this important oil yielding perennial palm tree. In this study, influence of Light Emitting Diodes (LEDs)(blue, yellow and purple colored) was investigated on in vitro initiation and proliferation of coconut endosperm calli. Biomass accumulation, total soluble sugars, reducing sugars, free amino acids, total polyphenols and fatty acid profile were estimated from endosperm calli of Gangabondam Green Dwarf (GBGD) cultivar grown under different colored LEDs. Calli grown under dark conditions served as control. Results indicated that initiation of calli was faster under dark conditions, whereas the multiplication and proliferation was significantly high under purple LED. Production of total soluble sugars, reducing sugars, total polyphenols and fat contents were enhanced in cultures under LEDs in comparison to control. Fatty acid profiles, generated through gas chromatography (GC), indicated that medium chain saturated fatty acid content was more, while long chain saturated and unsaturated fatty acid content was less in cultures grown under LEDs compared to cultures under control conditions. It is evident from the results that coconut endosperm calli can be initially initiated under dark conditions and it has the potential to proliferate under LED conditions with significant impact on fatty acid synthesis.
Effect of Pulsed Light Treatment for the Preservation of Coconut Inflorescence Sap
(2024) V. Vishnu Priya; M. Balakrishnan; Pandiselvam, R.; S. Karthikeyan; Rajkumar, A.; Manikantan, M.R.; K. Gurusamy; P. Preetha
The present study aims to investigate the impact of pulsed light (PL) treatment on the preservation of coconut inflorescence sap. In order to avoid fermentation of the sap, the freshly collected sap was exposed to various PL process parameters such as the input voltage, which is supplied to the lamp from 500 to 1500 V; the exposure time for treatment ranges from 60 to 180 s; and the distance of the lamp to the treatment chamber, which is selected from 50 to 150 mm. Using Box–Behnken design, the process parameters, such as 1000 V of input voltage, 100 mm of distance and a treatment time of 120 s were optimised based on the physico-chemical and microbial properties. Maximum log reduction of 3.57 log cfu/ml in total plate count and 2.79 log cfu/ml in yeast and mould were observed at the optimum condition. The quality parameters, such as pH and TSS do not have significant effect (p < 0.05) over the treatment. The colour difference value (ΔE) was 0.92, which is mildly noticeable, whereas the turbidity reduced to 42%, total sugars to 6.34% and reducing sugar reduced to 13.58%, with a significant effect (p < 0.05) over the PL treatment. From the results obtained, it was determined that pulsed light technology might be used as a preservation approach for coconut sap with the minimum effect on its quality parameters.
Culantro (Eryngium foetidum L.): A Profitable Intercrop in Arecanut Plantations for Diversification of Island Agriculture
(2025) Ajit Arun Waman; Pooja Bohra; Maheshwarappa, H.P.; Augustine Jerard, B.; Sumitha, S.
Andaman and Nicobar Islands are a group of land masses in the Bay of Bengal, situated about 1200 km away from mainland India. Agriculture in these islands is dominated by plantation crops, arecanut being the popular one. However, mono-cropping is not desirable, especially in widely spaced crops within island ecosystems where land is limited. To optimally utilize land resources and improve profitability, experiment on arecanut based cropping system with culantro was initiated. Culantro is a popular aromatic herb used for imparting green coriander like aroma to the cuisines. Intercropping resulted in an additional yield of culantro (2.21 t/ha), increasing net returns to ₹ 13,03,065/- compared to ₹ 9,59,600/- from the sole arecanut crop. Quality of the culantro produced in terms of plant growth, photosynthetic pigments, ascorbic acid etc. was also determined. Hence, culantro could be recommended for cultivation as an intercrop in the arecanut plantations of humid tropical Andaman Islands.
Comparative study on infrared radiation and hot air convective drying of coconut: Effect on oil quality features
(2024) R. Pandiselvam; Sneha Davison; M.R. Manikantan; Anjitha Jacob; S.V. Ramesh; S h a m e e n a Be e g u m , P.P.
Appropriately dried coconut kernel, or copra, is imperative for oil production to ensure consistent quality, taste, aroma, and nutritional properties of the resultant coconut oil. This research assesses the effects of different drying techniques—hot air drying (HAD), infrared drying (ID), and infrared-assisted hot air drying (IAHAD)—on the quality profile of coconut oil extracted from copra. Coconut kernels were subjected to radiation and convective hot-air drying methods at varying temperatures (50 °C, 60 °C, and 70 °C). The fresh oil sample extracted from copra using different drying techniques exhibited zero peroxide value, indicating high quality. Among the methods, IAHAD at 60 °C was remarkable for producing the highest-grade copra, resulting in superior quality oil with exceptional preservation of essential nutrients. The physical and biochemical properties of the coconut oil produced using IAHAD at 60 °C included specific gravity, refractive index, moisture content, antioxidant capacity, and total phenolic content, all indicating enhanced oil quality.
Development, evaluation, and optimization of portable pyrolysis system for the production of biochar from tender coconut husk
(2024) R. Pandiselvam; Athira Shaji; S. V. Ramesh; Sudharshana Sathyanath; M. R. Manikantan; A. C. Mathew
Tender coconut husk (TCH) is a prominent part of coconut fruit, and it is discarded after consumption of tender coconut water. TCH is made of fibers that comprise lignin (30–42%) and cellulose (54–65%) and also contains traces of tannin and potassium. In this study, development of most feasible and adaptable method for production of biochar from TCH is reported. The method opted for the production of biochar is pyrolysis, and temperature of pyrolysis has a direct correlation with the characteristics of resultant biochar. The main parameters investigated are the size of the reactor, type of fuel, and positioning of the drum. Biochemical parameters of biochar such as moisture content, ash content, pH and electrical conductivity, and total nitrogen content of the product were studied. The results reveal that sample collected from the upper layer of the large-sized reactor kept in upright position and using mature coconut husk as a fuel for biochar production was found to be the best considering the yield and physicochemical properties.
Physicochemical properties of coconut inflorescence sap (neera) under double wall open heating system
(2024) R. Pandiselvam; Sudharshana Sathyanath; M. R. Manikantan; S. V. Ramesh; S h a m e e n a Be e g u m , P.P.; Hebbar, K.B
Utilization of plant sap-derived sugars and syrups, such as palm sugar, birch syrup, maple syrup, and agave syrup, provides versatile alternatives to conventional sweeteners like cane sugar and high-fructose corn syrup, thereby enriching culinary options and catering to diverse consumer preferences. One noteworthy product derived from coconut palm sap is neera, a traditional beverage celebrated for its natural sugars, vitamins, minerals, and bioactive compounds. Its nutritional value and cultural significance make it a cherished component of local diets. It is nutritionally important due to its natural sugars (sucrose, glucose, and fructose), rich in vitamins and minerals (potassium, magnesium, zinc, and iron). The focus of this study is to comprehend the biochemical changes that occur during the conversion of neera into sugar using an open double-jacket cooker. The process entails meticulous monitoring of various parameters, including total soluble solids (TSS), pH levels, total sugar content, reducing sugar content, total phenol content (TPC), antioxidant activity (measured by DPPH and FRAP assays), and ascorbic acid concentration. Throughout the 3 h heating process, samples are collected at 30 min intervals to track the changes in biochemical composition. Continuous stirring and precise temperature control ensure uniform heat transfer and accurate results. The findings reveal significant alterations in biochemical composition, with notable increases observed in TPC and antioxidant activity, possibly attributed to the Maillard reaction. The conversion from neera to coconut sugar yields a range of compositions suitable for various culinary applications, presenting opportunities for entrepreneurship and the development of value-added products. This not only enhances market competitiveness but also fosters economic growth in the food sector.
Impact of Slice Thickness and Baking Temperature on the Physicochemical Quality and Nutritional Properties of Newly Developed Baked Coconut Chips
(2024) R. Pandiselvam; Rupa Krishnan; M. R. Manikantan; Anjitha Jacob; S. V. Ramesh; S h a m e e n a Be e g u m , P.P.
Due to rising health concerns, consumers are increasingly inclined toward reduced-fat products, which have driven the need for nutritious alternatives through modifications in recipes and production processes. Despite the growing popularity of coconut-based products, there is limited research on baked coconut chips, particularly regarding the effects of baking temperatures and product thicknesses. This study addresses this gap by developing baked coconut chips samples (BCSs) as a healthier alternative to traditional fried chips. Baking experiments were conducted at temperatures of 140°C, 160°C, and 180°C, with 160°C identified as optimal for balancing processing time and product quality. The study also compared baked coconut chips with those that were dried and then baked (dried baked coconut chips samples [DBCS]). Among the trials, the 0.5-mm-thick coconut chips baked at 160°C exhibited favorable sensory attributes and notable biochemical properties, including 3.13% moisture content, 1.13% ash, 40.49% fat, and significant antioxidant activity.
Comparative analysis of biochemical composition of fried coconut chips: influence of thickness and oil type on nutritional attributes
(2024) R. Pandiselvam; Rupa Krishnan; M. R. Manikantan; Anjitha Jacob; S. V. Ramesh; S h a m e e n a Be e g u m , P.P.
In recent years, there has been a noticeable rise in the importance of snack items in diets, particularly among children and adolescents who enjoy them socially with friends. Chips, commonly produced through frying, have garnered significant popularity. This study aimed to assess the quality of fried coconut chips of thickness 0.5 mm and 1.4 mm, made using both sunflower oil and coconut oil. Deep frying was conducted at 160 °C for both types of oil. The findings indicated that coconut oil-fried chips, regardless of thickness, exhibited superior sensory attributes (i.e. appearance, colour, crispiness and flavour). All sensory attributes (except appearance) were rated the highest for coconut oil fried chips. The biochemical properties of chips fried in both oils were largely similar, yet coconut oil-fried chips displayed slightly better characteristics compared to their counterparts. For instance, the 0.5 mm thick coconut oil-fried chips were noted for their improved protein content and fat content, leading to a higher overall acceptability of the 0.5 mm thickness.
Comparison of engineering properties of organic and inorganiccoconut: Implications on the design of coir fiber extractionmachine
(2024) Ravi Pandiselvam; M. R. Manikantan; P. Subramanian; Anandu Chandra Khanashyam; M. Anjaly Shanker; R. Surekha; Alka Gupta
Coconut husk is widely used as a source of natural fibers in the tropics. Dehusking and fiber extraction are some of the important unit operations in coir manufacturing. For the development of an efficient and economically viable fiber extraction machine, the engineering properties of conventional and organically grown coconuts were evaluated. Selected engineering properties of whole coconut were investigated. The average true density and bulk density were in the range of 414.63 ± 111.85 to 529.28 ± 123.02 and 161.66 ± 24.41 to 212.23 ± 18.96 kg/m3, respectively. Along with whole coconuts, engineering properties of husk (weight, moisture content, and husk thickness), shell (weight, thickness, bulk density, and moisture content), and kernel parameters (weight, thickness, and moisture content) were also evaluated. The application of organic treatment (T4) exhibited substantial impacts, leading to a higher coconut weight (1.354 kg) as compared to conventional practices (T5), and increased dimensions (158.599 mm diameter and 205.000 mm height) and improved bulk density (190.97 kg/m3) in comparison to other organic treatments. In deshelled coconuts, T4 showcased a higher shell weight (175.667 g) and shell thickness (4.767 mm). The kernel parameters of T4 displayed enhancements, featuring a kernel weight of 314.334 g and a thickness of 11.774 mm. Although the study could not find any correlation between the farming practices and engineering characteristics of coconut fruit, the data presented herein could be utilized for the design and improvisation of efficient fiber extraction machines.
Transformative effects of infrared-assisted hot air drying on neera syrup concentrated coconut flakes: a comprehensive evaluation of physical properties, composition analysis and antioxidant profiles
(2024) Ravi Pandiselvam; M. Mahamutha Thazneem; Manikantan, M.R; Anjitha Jacob; S. V. Ramesh; S h a m e e n a Be e g u m , P.P.
The objective of this study is to develop coconut flakes that are readily consumable, using various drying techniques following osmotic dehydration in neera syrup concentrate (50ºBrix). A novel methodology and process have been established to create these coconut flakes, offering a distinct production approach. The infusion of neera syrup enhances taste, flavor, and color and augments the product’s nutritional content. Through drying experiments at 55, 65, and 75 ºC temperatures, the study seeks to identify the most suitable drying method and temperature. Analysis of the bioactive profile revealed that coconut flakes dried at 65 ℃ using infrared-assisted hot air dehydration (IRHAD) demonstrated exceptional nutritional attributes. These include a Hausner ratio of 1.04, Carr’s index of 4.22, rehydration ratio of 2.37, hygroscopicity of 1.68%, bulk density of 0.552 g/mL, tapped density of 0.610 g/mL, protein content of 3.92%, carbohydrate content of 33.86%, fat content of 34.29%, ash content of 1.92%, total phenolic content of 105.38 mg GA/100 g, DPPH activity of 88.81%, and FRAP of 0.00893 mg TE/100 g. Further investigations are warranted to assess the shelf life of coconut flakes, the influence of various packaging materials, and delve deeper into the biochemical properties of the dried samples.

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